Genomic imprinting mediates dosage compensation in a young plant XY system

This preprint has been reviewed and recommended by Peer Community In Evolutionary Biology (<ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.24072/pci.evolbiol.100044">http://dx.doi.org/10.24072/pci.evolbiol.100044</ext-link>).

Sex chromosomes have repeatedly evolved from a pair of autosomes¹. Consequently, X and Y chromosomes initially have similar gene content, but ongoing Y degeneration leads to reduced Y gene expression and eventual Y gene loss. The resulting imbalance in gene expression between Y genes and the rest of the genome is expected to reduce male fitness, especially when protein networks have components from both autosomes and sex chromosomes. A diverse set of dosage compensating mechanisms that alleviates these negative effects has been described in animals^2–4. However, the early steps in the evolution of dosage compensation remain unknown and dosage compensation is poorly understood in plants⁵. Here we show a novel dosage compensation mechanism in the evolutionarily young XY sex determination system of the plantSilene latifolia. Genomic imprinting results in higher expression from the maternal X chromosome in both males and females. This compensates for reduced Y expression in males but results in X overexpression in females and may be detrimental. It could represent a transient early stage in the evolution of dosage compensation. Our finding has striking resemblance to the first stage proposed by Ohno for the evolution of X inactivation in mammals.