Risk Factors for ICU Admission, Mechanical Ventilation and Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Hubei, China

  1. Hong Gang Ren
  2. Xingyi Guo
  3. Kevin Blighe
  4. Fang Zhu
  5. Janet Martin
  6. Luqman Bin Safdar
  7. Pengcheng Yang
  8. Dao Wen Wang
  9. Qinyong Hu
  10. Nan Huo
  11. Justin Stebbing
  12. Davy Cheng
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Abstract

Purpose

To examine the risk factors for Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation and mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study including 432 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 who were admitted to three medical centers in Hubei province from January 1st to April 10th 2020. Primary outcomes included ICU admission, mechanical ventilation and death occurring while hospitalized or within 30 days.

Results

Of the 432 confirmed patients, 9.5% were admitted to the ICU, 27.3% required mechanical ventilation, and 33.1% died. Total leukocyte count was higher in survivors compared with those who died (8.9 vs 4.8 × 109/l), but lymphocyte counts were lower (0.6 vs 1.0 × 109/l). D-dimer was significantly higher in patients who died compared to survivors (6.0ug/l vs 1.0ug/l, p<0.0001. This was also seen when comparing mechanically versus non-mechanically-ventilated patients. Other significant differences were seen in AST, ALT, LDH, total bilirubin and creating kinase. The following were associated with increased odds of death: age > 65 years (adjusted hazard ratio (HR 2.09, 95% CI 1.02-4.05), severe disease at baseline (5.02, 2.05-12.29), current smoker (1.67, 1.37-2.02), temperature >39° C at baseline (2.68, 1.88-4.23), more than one comorbidity (2.12, 1.62-3.09), bilateral patchy shadowing on chest CT or X-ray (3.74, 1.78-9.62) and organ failure (6.47, 1.97-26.23). The following interventions were associated with higher CFR: glucocorticoids (1.60, 1.04-2.30), ICU admission (4.92, 1.37-17.64) and mechanical ventilation (2.35, 1.14-4.82).

Conclusion

Demographics, including age over 65 years, current smoker, diabetes, hypertension, and cerebrovascular disease, were associated with increased risk of mortality. Mortality was also associated with glucocorticoid use, mechanical ventilation and ICU admission.

Take-Home Message

COVID-19 patients with risk factors were more likely to be admitted into ICU and more likely to require mechanical ventilation.

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