Extreme suction attachment performance from specialised insects living in mountain streams (Diptera: Blephariceridae)

Suction is widely used by animals for strong controllable underwater adhesion but is less well understood than adhesion of terrestrial climbing animals. Here we investigate the attachment of an aquatic insect larva (Blephariceridae), which clings to rocks in torrential streams using the only known muscle-actuated suction organs in insects. We measured their attachment forces on well-defined rough substrates and found their adhesion was much less reduced by micro-roughness than terrestrial climbing insects.In vivovisualisation of the suction organs in contact with microstructured substrates revealed that they can mould around large asperities to form a seal. Moreover, we showed that spine-like microtrichia on the organ are stiff cuticular structures that only make tip contact on smooth and microstructured substrates. Our results highlight the performance and versatility of blepharicerid suction organs and introduce a new study system to explore biological suction.