Social, economic, and environmental factors influencing the basic reproduction number of COVID-19 across countries
Abstract
Objective
To assess whether the basic reproduction number ( R 0 ) of COVID-19 is different across countries and what national-level demographic, social, and environmental factors characterize initial vulnerability to the virus.
Methods
We fit logistic growth curves to reported daily case numbers, up to the first epidemic peak. This fitting estimates R 0 . We then use a generalized additive model to discern the effects, and include 5 random effect covariates to account for potential differences in testing and reporting that can bias the estimated R 0 .
Findings
We found that the mean R0 is 1.70 (S.D. 0.57), with a range between 1.10 (Ghana) and 3.52 (South Korea). We identified four factors-population between 20-34 years old (youth), population residing in urban agglomerates over 1 million (city), social media use to organize offline action (social media), and GINI income inequality-as having strong relationships with R 0 . An intermediate level of youth and GINI inequality are associated with high R 0 , while high city population and high social media use are associated with high R 0 . Environmental and climate factors were not found to have strong relationships with R 0 .
Conclusion
Studies that aim to measure the effectiveness of interventions should account for the intrinsic differences between populations.
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