Monitoring carbon dioxide to quantify the risk of indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19

  1. Martin Z. Bazant
  2. Ousmane Kodio
  3. Alexander E. Cohen
  4. Kasim Khan
  5. Zongyu Gu
  6. John W. M. Bush
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Abstract

A new guideline for mitigating indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19 prescribes a limit on the time spent in a shared space with an infected individual (Bazant and Bush, 2021). Here, we rephrase this safety guideline in terms of occupancy time and mean exhaled carbon dioxide concentration in an indoor space, thereby enabling the use of CO 2 monitors in the risk assessment of airborne transmission of respiratory diseases. While CO 2 concentration is related to airborne pathogen concentration (Rudnick and Milton, 2003), the guideline developed here accounts for the different physical processes affecting their evolution, such as enhanced pathogen production from vocal activity and pathogen removal via face-mask use, filtration, sedimentation and deactivation. Critically, transmission risk depends on the total infectious dose, so necessarily depends on both the pathogen concentration and exposure time. The transmission risk is also modulated by the fractions of susceptible, infected and immune persons within a population, which evolve as the pandemic runs its course. A mathematical model is developed that enables a prediction of airborne transmission risk from real-time CO 2 measurements. Illustrative examples of implementing our guideline are presented using data from CO 2 monitoring in university classrooms and office spaces.

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Impact Statement

There is mounting scientific evidence that COVID-19 is primarily transmitted through indoor airborne transmission, as arises when a susceptible person inhales virus-laden aerosol droplets exhaled by an infectious person. A safety guideline to limit indoor airborne transmission (Bazant and Bush, 2021) has recently been derived that complements the public health guidelines on surface cleaning and social distancing. We here recast this safety guideline in terms of total inhaled carbon dioxide, as can be readily monitored in most indoor spaces. Our approach paves the way for optimizing air handling systems by balancing health and financial concerns, informs policy for safely re-opening schools and businesses as the pandemic runs its course, and may be applied quite generally in the mitigation of airborne respiratory illnesses, including influenza.

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