Urine Test Predicts Kidney Injury and Death in COVID-19
Abstract
Background
Kidney injury is common in COVID-19 infection, but serum creatinine (SCr) is not a sensitive or specific marker of kidney injury. We hypothesized that molecular markers of tubular injury could diagnose COVID-19 associated kidney damage and predict its clinical course.
Methods
This is a prospective cohort study of 444 consecutive COVID-19 patients (43.9% females, 20.5% African American, 54.1% Latinx) in Columbia University’s Emergency Department at the peak of the New York pandemic (March-April 2020). Urine and blood were collected simultaneously at admission (median time of day 0, IQR 0-2 days) and within 1 day of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test in 70% of patients. Biomarker assays were blinded to clinical data.
Results
Urinary NGAL (uNGAL) was strongly associated with AKI diagnosis (267±301 vs. 96±139 ng/mL, P=1.6×10−10). uNGAL >150ng/mL had 80% specificity and 75% sensitivity to diagnose AKIN stage 2 or higher. uNGAL quantitatively predicted the duration of AKI and outcomes, including death, dialysis, shock, and longer hospital stay. The risk of death increased 73% per standard deviation of uNGAL [OR (95%CI): 1.73 (1.29-2.33), P=2.8×10−4] and was independent of baseline SCr, co-morbidities, and proteinuria [adjusted OR (95%CI): 1.51 (1.10-2.11), P=1.2×10−2]. Proteinuria and uKIM-1 also indicated tubular injury but were not diagnostic of AKI. Typically, distal nephron segments transcribe NGAL, but in COVID-19 biopsies with widespread acute tubular injury (ATI), NGAL expression overlapped KIM-1 in proximal tubules.
Conclusion
uNGAL predicted diagnosis, duration, and severity of AKI and ATI, as well as hospital stay, dialysis, shock, and death in patients with acute COVID-19.
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