Viral Load of SARS-CoV-2 in Respiratory Aerosols Emitted by COVID-19 Patients while Breathing, Talking, and Singing

  1. Kristen K. Coleman
  2. Douglas Jie Wen Tay
  3. Kai Sen Tan
  4. Sean Wei Xiang Ong
  5. Than The Son
  6. Ming Hui Koh
  7. Yi Qing Chin
  8. Haziq Nasir
  9. Tze Minn Mak
  10. Justin Jang Hann Chu
  11. Donald K. Milton
  12. Vincent T. K. Chow
  13. Paul Anantharajah Tambyah
  14. Mark Chen
  15. Tham Kwok Wai
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Abstract

Background

Multiple SARS-CoV-2 superspreading events suggest that aerosols play an important role in driving the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the detailed roles of coarse (>5μm) and fine (≤5μm) respiratory aerosols produced when breathing, talking, and singing are not well-understood.

Methods

Using a G-II exhaled breath collector, we measured viral RNA in coarse and fine respiratory aerosols emitted by COVID-19 patients during 30 minutes of breathing, 15 minutes of talking, and 15 minutes of singing.

Results

Among the 22 study participants, 13 (59%) emitted detectable levels of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in respiratory aerosols, including 3 asymptomatic patients and 1 presymptomatic patient. Viral loads ranged from 63–5,821 N gene copies per expiratory activity per patient. Patients earlier in illness were more likely to emit detectable RNA, and loads differed significantly between breathing, talking, and singing. The largest proportion of SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies was emitted by singing (53%), followed by talking (41%) and breathing (6%). Overall, fine aerosols constituted 85% of the viral load detected in our study. Virus cultures were negative.

Conclusions

Fine aerosols produced by talking and singing contain more SARS-CoV-2 copies than coarse aerosols and may play a significant role in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Exposure to fine aerosols should be mitigated, especially in indoor environments where airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is likely to occur. Isolating viable SARS-CoV-2 from respiratory aerosol samples remains challenging, and whether this can be more easily accomplished for emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants is an important enquiry for future studies.

Key Points

We sampled respiratory aerosols emitted by COVID-19 patients and discovered that fine aerosols (≤5μm) generated during talking and singing contain more SARS-CoV-2 copies than coarse aerosols (>5μm) and may play a significant role in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

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