Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after vaccination against and infection with SARS-CoV-2: a population-based cohort analysis

  1. Edward Burn
  2. Xintong Li
  3. Antonella Delmestri
  4. Nathan Jones
  5. Talita Duarte-Salles
  6. Carlen Reyes
  7. Eugenia Martinez-Hernandez
  8. Edelmira Marti
  9. Katia MC Verhamme
  10. Peter R Rijnbeek
  11. Victoria Y Strauss
  12. Daniel Prieto-Alhambra
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Abstract

Objectives

To calculate the observed rates of thrombosis and thrombocytopenia following vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, infection with SARS-CoV-2, and to compare them to background (expected) rates in the general population.

Design

Cohort study using routinely collected primary care records.

Setting

Routine practice in the United Kingdom.

Participants

Two mutually exclusive vaccinated cohorts included people vaccinated with either ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2 between 8 December 2020 and 6 March 2021. A third cohort consisted of people newly infected with SARS-Cov-2 identified by a first positive RT-PCR test between 1 September 2020 and 28 February 2021. The fourth general population cohort for background rates included those people with a visit between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2019. In total, we included 1,868,767 ChAdOx1 and 1,661,139 BNT162b2 vaccinees, 299,311 people infected with SARS-CoV-2, and 2,290,537 people from the general population.

Interventions

First-dose of either ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2

Main outcome measures

Outcomes included venous thrombosis, arterial thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, and thrombosis with thrombocytopenia. Outcome rates were estimated for recipients of the ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2 vaccines, for people infected with SARS-CoV-2, and background rates in the general population. Indirectly standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were estimated.

Results

We included 1,868,767 ChAdOx1 and 1,661,139 BNT162b2 vaccinees, 299,311 people infected with SARS-CoV-2, and 2,290,537 people from the general population for background rates. The SIRs for pulmonary embolism were 1.23 [95% CI, 1.09-1.39] after vaccination with ChAdOx1, 1.21 [1.07-1.36] after vaccination with BNT162b2, and 15.31 [14.08 to 16.65] for infection with SARS-CoV-2. The SIRs for thrombocytopenia after vaccination were 1.25 [1.19 to 1.31] for ChAdOx1 and 0.99 (0.94 to 1.04) for BNT162b2. Rates of deep vein thrombosis and arterial thrombosis were similar among those vaccinated and the general population.

Conclusions

ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 had broadly similar safety profiles. Thrombosis rates after either vaccine were mostly similar to those of the general population. Rates of pulmonary embolism increased 1.2-fold after either vaccine and 15-fold with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thrombocytopenia was more common among recipients of ChAdOx1 but not of BNT162b2.

Summary box

What is already known on this topic

  • Spontaneous reports of unusual and severe thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) raised concerns regarding the safety of adenovirus-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2

  • In a cohort study including over 280,000 people aged 18-65 years vaccinated with ChAdOx1 in Denmark and Norway, Pottegård et al reported increased rates of venous thromboembolic events as well as thrombocytopenia among vaccine recipients.

What this study adds

  • In this cohort study, ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 were seen to have broadly similar safety profiles.

  • Rates of thrombosis after either vaccine were generally similar to those of the general population. Rates of pulmonary embolism were though 1.2-fold higher than background rates after either vaccine, which compared to 15-fold higher after SARS-CoV-2 infection.

  • Thrombocytopenia was more common among recipients of ChAdOx1 but not of BNT162b2.

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