Pediatric critical COVID-19 and mortality in a multinational cohort
Abstract
Objectives
To understand the international epidemiology of critical pediatric COVID-19 and compare presentation, treatments, and outcomes of younger (<2 years) and older (>2 years) children.
Design
Prospective, observational study from April 1 to December 31, 2020
Setting
International multicenter study from 55 sites from North America, Latin America, and Europe.
Participants
Patients <19 years old hospitalized with critical COVID-19
Interventions
none
Main outcomes measured
Clinical course, treatments, and outcomes were compared between younger and older children. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for hospital mortality.
Results
557 subjects (median age, 8 years; 24% <2 years) were enrolled from 55 sites (63% Latin American). Half had comorbidities. Younger children had more respiratory findings (56% vs 44%), viral pneumonia (45% vs 29%), and treatment with invasive ventilation (50% vs 37). Gastrointestinal (28% vs 69%) or mucocutaneous (16% vs 44%) findings, vasopressor requirement (44% vs 60%), and MIS-C (15% vs 40%) were less common in younger children. Hospital mortality was 10% overall but 15% in younger children (odds ratio 1.89 [95%CI 1.05-3.39]). When adjusted for age, sex, region, and illness severity, mortality-associated factors included cardiac (aOR 2.6; 95%CI 1.07-6.31) or pulmonary comorbidities (aOR 4.4; 95%CI 1.68-11.5), admission hypoxemia (aOR 2.33; 95%CI 1.24-4.37), and lower respiratory symptoms (aOR 2.83; 95%CI 1.49-5.39). Gastrointestinal (aOR 0.49; 95%CI 0.26-0.92) or mucocutaneous symptoms (aOR 0.31; 95%CI 0.15-0.64), treatment with intravenous immune globulin (aOR 0.33; 95%CI 0.17-0.65), and MIS-C (aOR 0.26; 95%CI 0.11-0.64) were associated with lower mortality.
Conclusions
We identified age-related differences in presentation and mortality for critical pediatric COVID-19 that should prompt more attention to improving management in younger children, especially in developing countries.
Table of Contents Summary
This is a multinational study describing critical pediatric COVID-19 clinical spectrum and related mortality in high and low-middle income countries during 2020.
What’s known on this subject
Pediatric critical illness due to COVID-19 is uncommon and have lower mortality compared to adults when hospitalized. While larger cohorts are from high-income countries (HICs), studies including data from low-middle-income countries (LMICs) remain scarce.
What this study adds
In our multinational cohort of critical pediatric COVID-19, we identified higher mortality than previously reported and age-related disease patterns. Children <2 years old had more respiratory disease and higher mortality, and older children had more non-pulmonary disease and better outcomes.
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