Demographic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant infections in Indian population

Importance

Higher risks of contracting infection, developing severe illness and mortality are known facts in aged and male sex if exposed to the wild type SARS-CoV-2 strains (Wuhan and B.1 strains). Now, accumulating evidence suggests greater involvement of lower age and narrowing the age and sex based differences for the severity of symptoms in infections with emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Delta variant (B.1.617.2) is now a globally dominant SARS-CoV-2 strain, however, current evidence on demographic characteristics for this variant are limited. Recently, delta variant caused a devastating second wave of COVID-19 in India. We performed a demographic characterization of COVID-19 cases in Indian population diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequencing for delta variant.

Objective

To determine demographic characteristics of delta variant in terms of age and sex, severity of the illness and mortality rate, and post-vaccination infections.

Design

A cross sectional study

Setting

Demographic characteristics, including vaccination status (for two complete doses) and severity of the illness and mortality rate, of COVID-19 cases caused by wild type strain (B.1) and delta variant (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2 in Indian population were studied.

Participants

COVID-19 cases for which SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequencing was performed and complete demographic details (age, sex, and location) were available, were included.

Exposures

SARS-CoV-2 infection with Delta (B.1.617.2) variant and wild type (B.1) strain.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The patient metadata containing details for demographic and vaccination status (two complete doses) of the COVID-19 patients with confirmed delta variant and WT (B.1) infections were analyzed [total number of cases (N) =9500, N _delta =6238, N _WT =3262]. Further, severity of the illness and mortality were assessed in subsets of patients. Final data were tabulated and statistically analyzed to determine age and sex based differences in chances of getting infection and the severity of illness, and post-vaccination infections were compared between wild type and delta variant strains. Graphs were plotted to visualize the trends.

Results

With delta variant, in comparison to wild type (B.1) strain, higher proportion of lower age groups, particularly <20 year (0-9 year: 4.47% vs. 2.3%, 10-19 year: 9% vs. 7%) were affected. The proportion of women contracting infection were increased (41% vs. 36%). The higher proportion of total young (0-19 year, 10% vs. 4%) (p=.017) population and young (14% vs. 3%) as well as adult (20-59 year, 75% vs. 55%) women developed symptoms/hospitalized with delta variant in comparison to B.1 infection (p< .00001). The mean age of contracting infection [Delta, men=37.9 (±17.2) year, women=36.6 (±17.6) year; B.1, men=39.6 (±16.9) year and women= 40.1 (±17.4) year (p< .001)] as well as developing symptoms/hospitalization [Delta, men=39.6(± 17.4) year, women=35.6 (±16.9) year; B.1, men=47(±18) year and women= 49.5(±20.9) year (p< .001)] was considerably lower. The total mortality was about 1.8 times higher (13% vs. 7%). Risk of death increased irrespective of the sex (Odds ratio: 3.034, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.7-5.2, p<0.001), however, increased proportion of women (32% vs. 25%) were died. Further, multiple incidences of delta infections were noted following complete vaccination.

Conclusions and Relevance

The increased involvement of young (0-19 year) and women, lower mean age for contracting infection and symptomatic illness/hospitalization, higher mortality, and frequent incidences of post-vaccination infections with delta variant compared to wild type strain raises significant epidemiological concerns.

Key Points