Higher hospitalization and mortality rates among SARS-CoV-2 infected Persons in Rural America

  1. Alfred Jerrod Anzalone
  2. Ronald Horswell
  3. Brian Hendricks
  4. San Chu
  5. William Hillegass
  6. William Beasley
  7. Jeremy Harper
  8. Clifford Rosen
  9. Lucio Miele
  10. James McClay
  11. Susan L Santangelo
  12. Sally Hodder
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Abstract

IMPORTANCE

Rural communities are among the most underserved and resource-scarce populations in the United States (US), yet there are limited data on COVID-19 mortality in rural America. Furthermore, rural data are rarely centralized, precluding comparability across urban and rural regions.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study is to assess hospitalization rates and all-cause inpatient mortality among persons with definitive COVID-19 diagnoses residing in rural and urban areas.

DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS

This retrospective cohort study from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) examines a cohort of 573,018 patients from 27 US hospital systems presenting with SARS-CoV-2 infection between January 2020 and March 2021, of whom 117,897 were hospitalized. A sample of 450,725 hospitalized persons without COVID-19 diagnoses was identified for comparison.

EXPOSURES

ZIP Codes provided by source hospital systems were classified by urban-rural gradient through a crosswalk to the US Department of Agriculture Rural-Urban Commuting Area Codes.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

Primary outcomes were hospitalization and all-cause mortality among hospitalized patients. Kaplan-Meier analysis and mixed effects logistic regression were used to estimate 30-day survival in hospitalized patients and associations between rurality, hospitalization, and inpatient mortality while controlling for major risk factors.

RESULTS

Rural patients were more likely to be older, white, have higher body mass index, and diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 later in the pandemic compared with their urban counterparts. Rural compared with urban inhabitants had higher rates of hospitalization (23% vs. 19%) and all-cause mortality among hospitalized patients (16% vs. 11%). After adjustment for demographic and baseline differences, rural residents (both urban adjacent and non-adjacent) with COVID-19 were more likely to be hospitalized (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 1.41, 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.37-1.45 and AOR 1.42, CI 1.35-1.50) and to die or be transferred to hospice (AOR 1.62, CI 1.30-1.49 and 1.38, CI 1.30-1.49), respectively. Similar differences in mortality were noted for hospitalized patients without SARS-CoV-2 infection.

CONCLUSIONS

Hospitalization and inpatient mortality are higher among rural compared with urban persons with COVID-19, even after adjusting for several factors, including age and comorbidities. Further research is needed to understand the factors that drive health disparities in rural populations.

KEY POINTS

QUESTION

Do mortality and hospitalization rates among rural SARS-CoV-2 infected patients in the United States differ from that of their urban counterparts?

FINDINGS

Hospitalization and mortality rates were significantly greater among rural compared with urban patients, even after adjusting for rural-urban differences including age and comorbidities. Similarly, in persons without SARS-CoV-2 infection, mortality rates were also higher among rural patients.

MEANING

These findings demonstrate a pervasive rural-urban discrepancy in all-cause inpatient mortality among rural individuals in the U.S. infected with SARS-COV-2 as well as among those who were uninfected. Further research is needed to understand factors driving health disparities among rural populations.

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