Tuning the sensitivity of genetically encoded fluorescent potassium indicators through structure-guided and genome mining strategies

Genetically encoded potassium indicators lack optimal binding affinity for monitoring intracellular dynamics in mammalian cells. Through structure-guided design and genome mining of potassium binding proteins, we developed green fluorescent potassium indicators with a broad range of binding affinities. KRaION1, based on the insertion of a potassium binding protein (Ec-Kbp) into the fluorescent protein mNeonGreen, exhibits an isotonically measured K_dof 69±10 (mM; mean ± standard deviation used throughout). We identified Ec-Kbp’s binding site using NMR spectroscopy to detect protein-thallium scalar couplings and refined the structure of Ec-Kbp in its potassium-bound state. Guided by this structure, we modified KRaION1, yielding KRaION2, which exhibits an isotonically measured K_dof 96±9 (mM). We identified four Ec-Kbp homologs as potassium binding proteins, which yielded indicators with isotonically measured binding affinities in the 39-112 (mM) range. KRaIONs expressed and functioned in HeLa cells, but exhibited lower K_dvalues, which were mirrored by lower K_dvalues measured in vitro when holding sodium constant. Thus, potassium indicator K_dmay need to be evaluated in the context of a given experimental goal.