Islet primary cilia motility controls insulin secretion

Primary cilia are specialized cell-surface organelles that mediate sensory perception and, in contrast to motile cilia and flagella, are thought to lack motility function. Here we show that primary cilia in pancreatic beta cells exhibit movement that is required for glucose-dependent insulin secretion. Beta cell cilia contain motor proteins conserved from those found in classic motile cilia, and their 3D motion is dynein-driven and dependent on ATP and glucose metabolism. Inhibition of cilia motion blocks beta cell calcium influx and insulin secretion. Beta cells from humans with type 2 diabetes have altered expression of cilia motility genes. Our findings redefine primary cilia as dynamic structures possessing both sensory and motile function and establish that pancreatic beta cell cilia movement plays a critical role in controlling insulin secretion.