“Measurements of damage and repair in aging mice and humans reveals that robustness and resilience decrease with age, operate over broad timescales, and are affected differently by interventions”

As an organism ages, its health-state is determined by a balance between the processes of damage and repair. Measuring these processes requires longitudinal data. We extract damage and repair rates from repeated observations of health deficits in mice and humans to explore the contribution of robustness and resilience, which respectively decrease damage rates and increase repair rates, to aging health. We find a conserved decline with age in robustness and resilience in mice and humans, implying that both contribute to worsening health in aging. A decline in robustness, however, has a greater effect than a decline in resilience on accelerating damage accumulation with age, and a greater association with reduced survival. We also find that deficits are damaged and repaired over a wide range of timescales ranging from the shortest measurement scales towards organismal lifetime timescales. We explore the effect of systemic interventions that have been shown to improve health, including the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril and voluntary exercise for mice, and household wealth for humans. We find that these interventions affect both damage and repair rates – but in different proportions for different interventions. These findings have implications for how health in aging, and interventions targeting health, are conceptualized and assessed.