Physical, psychological and cognitive profile of post-COVID condition in healthcare workers, Quebec, Canada
Abstract
Importance
Most adults with COVID-19 do not require hospitalization, but the subsequent risk of post-COVID condition, including associated psychological and cognitive dysfunction, remains poorly understood among non-hospitalized versus hospitalized cases.
Objective
To assess the prevalence and duration of post-COVID condition, including physical, psychological and cognitive symptoms.
Design
Case series and case-control study between December 2020 and May 2021
Setting
Healthcare workers in Quebec, Canada
Participants
Eligible cases were symptomatic healthcare workers with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 between July 2020 and May 2021. Among 17,717 contacted cases, 6061 (34%) participated. A random sample of symptomatic healthcare workers with negative PCR result between November 2020 and May 2021 served as controls. Among 11,498 contacted controls, 4390 (38%) participated.
Exposures
In multivariable models, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, as well as vaccine history, were evaluated as potential risk factors. Prevalence ratios compared self-reported cognitive dysfunctions (difficulty concentrating; difficulty organizing oneself; forgetfulness; loss of necessary items) among cases with post-COVID condition to controls, adjusting for psychological distress and fatigue.
Outcomes
Post-COVID condition was defined by symptoms persisting ≥4 weeks or ≥12 weeks after COVID-19 onset.
Results
Four-week and 12-week post-COVID condition prevalences of 46% (2,746/5,943) and 40% (653/1,746), respectively, were observed among non-hospitalized cases and 76% (90/118) and 68% (27/37), respectively, among hospitalized cases. Hospitalization, female sex and age were associated with higher risk.
A substantial proportion of non-hospitalized cases with 4-week post-COVID condition often or very often reported cognitive dysfunction, including concentration (33%) or organizing (23%) difficulties, forgetfulness (20%) and loss of necessary items (10%), with no decline at 12 weeks. All four aspects of cognitive dysfunction were 2.2 to 3.0 times more prevalent among cases with post-COVID condition than in controls, but also independently associated with psychological distress and fatigue.
Conclusions and relevance
Post-COVID condition may be a frequent sequela of ambulatory COVID-19 in working-age adults, with important effects on cognition. With so many healthcare workers infected since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the ongoing implications for quality healthcare delivery could be profound should cognitive dysfunction and other severe post-COVID symptoms persist in a professionally-disabling way over the longer term.
Key points
Question
How common and long-lasting are the physical, psychological and cognitive effects of post-COVID condition in healthcare workers, both hospitalized and non-hospitalized?
Findings
The prevalence of post-COVID condition was 46% at 4 weeks and 40% at 12 weeks among non-hospitalized cases and 76% and 68% among hospitalized cases. One third of non-hospitalized healthcare workers with post-COVID condition reported cognitive impairment, which was independently associated with persistent physical symptoms, but also psychological distress and fatigue.
Meaning
Persistent cognitive and other professionally-disabling sequelae of COVID-19 in essential workers could have critical implications for quality healthcare delivery during and after the pandemic.
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