A quantitative and spatial analysis of cell cycle regulators during the fission yeast cycle
Abstract
We have carried out a systems-level analysis of the spatial and temporal dynamics of cell cycle regulators in the fission yeastSchizosaccharomyces pombe. In a comprehensive single cell analysis we have precisely quantified the levels of 38 proteins previously identified as regulators of the G2 to mitosis transition, and of 7 proteins acting at the G1 to S-phase transition. Only two of the 38 mitotic regulators exhibit changes in concentration at the whole cell level, the mitotic B-type cyclin Cdc13 which accumulates continually throughout the cell cycle, and the regulatory phosphatase Cdc25 which exhibits a complex cell cycle pattern. Both proteins show similar patterns of change within the nucleus as in the whole cell but at higher concentrations. In addition, the concentrations of the major fission yeast cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) Cdc2, the CDK regulator Suc1 and the inhibitory kinase Wee1 also increase in the nucleus peaking at mitotic onset but are constant in the whole cell. The significant increase in concentration with size for Cdc13 supports the model that mitotic B-type cyclin accumulation acts as a cell size sensor. We propose a two-step process for the control of mitosis. First, Cdc13 accumulates in a size-dependent manner which drives increasing CDK activity. Second, from mid G2 the increasing nuclear accumulation of Cdc25 and the counteracting Wee1 introduces a bistability switch that results in a rapid rise of CDK activity at the end of G2 and thus brings about an orderly progression into mitosis.
Significance Statement
Across eukaryotes the increasing level of cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) activity drives progression through the cell cycle. As most cells divide at specific sizes, information responding to the size of the cell must feed into the regulation of CDK activity. In this study, we use fission yeast to precisely measure how proteins that have been previously identified in genome wide screens as cell cycle regulators change in their levels with cell cycle progression. We identify the mitotic B-type cyclin Cdc13 and mitotic inhibitory phosphatase Cdc25 as the only two proteins that change in both whole cell and nuclear concentration through the cell cycle, making them candidates for universal cell size sensors at the onset of mitosis and cell division.
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