Social Regulation of Egg Size Plasticity in the Honey Bee is Mediated by Cytoskeleton Organizer Rho1

Egg size plasticity represents an adaptive reproductive strategy in numerous organisms, including the honey bee, Apis mellifera. However, the proximate causation of this plasticity and egg size in general is unknown. We show that honey bee queens predictably and reversibly adjust egg size in response to their colony size and that this plasticity is an active response to the queens’ perception of colony size instead of a consequence of egg laying rate. The egg size increase involves changes of 290 ovarian proteins, mostly related to increased energy metabolism, protein transport, and cytoskeleton functions. Spatio-temporal expression analysis of the small GTPase Rho1 indicates its central role in egg size regulation, which we confirm by RNAi-mediated gene knock-down and expression analyses. The molecular adjustments that promote maternal investment of honey bee queens in response to their social environment thus reveal a novel mechanism of egg size regulation.