A heterotrimeric complex ofToxoplasmaproteins promotes parasite survival in interferon gamma stimulated human cells

Toxoplasma gondiisecretes protein effectors to subvert the human immune system sufficiently to establish a chronic infection. Relative to murine infections, little is known about which parasite effectors disarm human immune responses. Here we used targeted CRISPR screening to identify secreted protein effectors required for parasite survival in IFNγ-activated human cells. Independent screens were carried out using twoToxoplasmastrains which differ in virulence in mice, leading to the identification of effectors required for survival in IFNγ-activated human cells. We identify the secreted protein GRA57 and two other proteins, GRA70 and GRA71, that together form a complex which enhances the ability of parasites to persist in IFNγ-activated human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs). Components of the protein machinery required for export ofToxoplasmaproteins into the host cell were also found to be important for parasite resistance to IFNγ in human cells, but these export components function independently of the identified protein complex. Host-mediated ubiquitination of the parasite vacuole has previously been associated with increased parasite clearance from human cells, but we find that vacuoles from GRA57, GRA70 and GRA71 knockout strains are surprisingly less ubiquitinated by the host cell. We hypothesise that deletion of this trimeric complex renders parasites hypersensitive to remaining ubiquitination, resulting in increased parasite clearance.