Embryo mechanics cartography: inference of 3D force atlases from fluorescence microscopy

The morphogenesis of tissues and embryos results from a tight interplay between gene expression, biochemical signaling and mechanics. Although sequencing methods allow the generation of cell-resolved spatio-temporal maps of gene expression in developing tissues, creating similar maps of cell mechanics in 3D has remained a real challenge. Exploiting the foam-like geometry of cells in embryos, we propose a robust end-to-end computational method to infer spatiotemporal atlases of cellular forces from fluorescence microscopy images of cell membranes. Our method generates precise 3D meshes of cell geometry and successively predicts relative cell surface tensions and pressures in the tissue. We validate it with 3D foam simulations, study its noise sensitivity, and prove its biological relevance in mouse, ascidian andC. elegansembryos. 3D inference allows us to recover mechanical features identified previously, but also predicts new ones, unveiling potential new insights on the spatiotemporal regulation of cell mechanics in early embryos. Our code is freely available and paves the way for unraveling the unknown mechanochemical feedbacks that control embryo and tissue morphogenesis.