Canalisation and plasticity on the developmental manifold ofCaenorhabditis elegans

How do the same mechanisms that faithfully regenerate complex developmental programs in spite of environmental and genetic perturbations also permit responsiveness to environmental signals, adaptation, and genetic evolution? Using the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegansas a model, we explore the phenotypic space of growth and development in various genetic and environmental contexts. Our data are growth curves and developmental parameters obtained by automated microscopy. Using these, we show that among the traits that make up the developmental space, correlations within a particular context are predictive of correlations among different contexts. Further we find that the developmental variability of this animal can be captured on a relatively low dimensionalphenoptypic manifoldand that on this manifold, genetic and environmental contributions to plasticity can be deconvolved independently. Our perspective offers a new way of understanding the relationship between robustness and flexibility in complex systems, suggesting that projection and concentration of dimension can naturally align these forces as complementary rather than competing.