Broca’s area, variation and taxic diversity in earlyHomofrom Koobi Fora (Kenya)

Because brain tissues rarely fossilize, pinpointing when and how modern human cerebral traits emerged in the hominin lineage is particularly challenging. The fragmentary nature of the fossil material, coupled with the difficulty of characterizing such a complex organ, have been the source of long-standing debates. Prominent among them is the uncertainties around the derived or primitive state of the brain organization in the earliest representatives of the genusHomo, more particularly in key areas such as the Broca’s area. By revisiting a particularly well-preserved fossil endocast from the Turkana basin (Kenya) attributed to earlyHomo, here we confirm that humans in Africa had a primitive organization of the Broca’s area ca. 1.9 million years ago. Additionally, our description of KNM-ER 3732 adds further information about the variation pattern of the inferior frontal gyrus in fossil hominins, with implications for earlyHomotaxic diversity (i.e., one or twoHomospecies at Koobi Fora) and the nature of the mechanisms involved in the emergence of derived cerebral traits.