Characterization of the cellular components of mouse collecting lymphatic vessels reveals that lymphatic muscle cells are the innate pacemaker cells regulating lymphatic contractions

Collecting lymphatic vessels (cLVs) exhibit spontaneous contractions with a pressure-dependent frequency, but the identity of the lymphatic pacemaker cell is still debated. By analogy to pacemakers in the GI and lower urinary tracts, proposed cLV pacemaker cells include interstitial cells of Cajal like cells (ICLC) or the lymphatic muscle (LMCs) cells themselves. Here we combined immunofluorescence and scRNAseq analyses with electrophysiological methods to examine the cellular constituents of the mouse cLV wall and assess whether any cell type exhibited morphological and functional processes characteristic of pacemaker cells: a continuous if not contiguous network integrated into the electrical syncytium; spontaneous Ca²⁺transients; and depolarization-induced propagated contractions. We employed inducible Cre (iCre) mouse models routinely used to target these specific cell populations including: c-kitCreER^T2to target ICLC;PdgfrβCreER^T2to target pericyte-like cells;PdgfrαCreER^TMto target CD34⁺adventitial cells and ICLC; andMyh11CreER^T2to target LMCs directly. These specific inducible Cre lines were crossed to the fluorescent reporter ROSA26mT/mG, the genetically encoded Ca²⁺sensor GCaMP6f, and the light-activated cation channel rhodopsin2 (ChR2). c-KitCreER^T2labeled both a sparse population of LECs and round adventitial cells that responded to the mast cell activator compound 48-80.PdgfrβCreER^T2drove recombination in both adventitial cells and LMCs, limiting its power to discriminate a pericyte-specific population.PdgfrαCreER^TMlabeled a large population of interconnected, oak leaf-shaped cells primarily along the adventitial surface of the vessel. Of these cells, only LMCs consistently, but heterogeneously, displayed spontaneous Ca²⁺events during the diastolic period of the contraction cycle, and whose frequency was modulated in a pressure-dependent manner. Optogenetic depolarization through the expression of ChR2 under control ofMyh11CreER^T2, but notPdgfrαCreER^TMor c-KitCreER^T2, resulted in propagated contractions upon photo-stimulation. Membrane potential recordings in LMCs demonstrated that the rate of diastolic depolarization significantly correlated with contraction frequency. These findings support the conclusion that LMCs, or a subset of LMCs, are responsible for mouse cLV pacemaking.