Reprogramming of host energy metabolism mediated by the TNF-iNOS-HIF-1α axis plays a key role in host resistance toPlasmodiuminfection

TNF has a dual effect inPlasmodiuminfection, bolstering the host’s immune defense while also triggering disease. Here, we show that TNF signaling hampers physical activity, food intake, and energy expenditure while enhancing glucose uptake by the liver and spleen as well as controlling parasitemia inP. chabaudi(Pc)-infected mice. We also demonstrate that TNF is required for expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), stabilization of HIF-1α, expression of glucose transporter GLUT1 and enhanced glycolysis in monocytic cells fromPc-infected mice. Importantly,Pc- infected iNOS^-/-, TNFR^ΔLyz2andHIF-1α^ΔLyz2mice show impaired release of TNF and glycolysis in monocytes, together with increased parasitemia and disease tolerance. Together, our findings reveal that TNF-iNOS-HIF-1α-induced glycolysis in monocytes plays a critical role in host defense and sickness behavior inPc-infected mice.