Optimization of a maize rapid cycle breeding scheme using the Modular Breeding Program Simulator (MoBPS)

In recent years, the turnover of plant breeding has substantially increased as the use of genomic information allows for earlier selection and the integration of controlled growing environments reduces time to reach a particular growing stage. However, high generation turnover and intensive selection of lines before own yield trials are performed come at the risk of a drastic reduction of genetic diversity paired with lower prediction accuracies. To this end, we investigate strategies to cope with these challenges in a maize rapid cycle breeding scheme using stochastic simulations using the software MoBPS. We find that genetic gains soon reach a plateau when only the original breeding material is phenotyped. Updating the training data set via additional phenotyping of crosses or doubled haploid lines ensures long-term progress with a gain of 6.80 / 6.95 genetic standard deviations for the performance as a cross /per seafter 30 cycles of breeding compared to 3.40 / 4.28 without additional phenotyping. Adding genetic material with comparable genetic level and novel diversity from outside the breeding material led to a further increase to 9.34 / 7.89 genetic standard deviations. In particular, for the management of genetic diversity, further additions to the breeding scheme are analyzed to optimize the number of selected lines per cycle and to account for the relatedness of F2 plants in the selection using the software AlphaMate. Finding a balance between genetic gains and diversity is important for a given time frame. MoBPS provides a tool for the quantification of these effects and provides solutions specific to the respective breeding program.