The Genome ofChenopodium ficifolium: Developing Genetic Resources and a Diploid Model System for Allotetraploid Quinoa

High-quality nuclear, chloroplast, and preliminary mitochondrial genomes have been assembled and annotated for the B-genome diploid (BB: 2n = 2x = 18) figleaf goosefoot (Chenopodium ficifolium). The primary objective was to advance a simplified model system for genetic characterization and improvement of allotetraploid (AABB: 2n = 4x = 36) quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), a nutritionally valuable, halophytic orphan crop. In addition to its diploidy and favorably small genome size, theC. ficifoliummodel provides a shorter generational period and smaller overall plant size as compared toC. quinoa, while displaying relevant agronomic trait variations amenable to gene-trait association studies. TheC. ficifolium‘Portsmouth’ nuclear genome was sequenced using PacBio HiFi Long Read technology and assembled using Hifiasm. After manual adjustments, the final ChenoFicP_1.0 assembly consisted of nine pseudochromosomes spanning 711.5 Mbp, while 22,617 genes were identified and annotated. BUSCO analyses indicated a nuclear genome completeness of 97.5%, and a proteome and transcriptome completeness of 98.4 percent. The chloroplast genome assembly detected two equally represented structural haplotypes differing in the orientation of the Short Single Copy region relative to the Long Single Copy region. Phylogenetic and parentage analyses pointed to an unspecified AA diploid species and away fromC. ficifoliumas the likely maternal chloroplast and mitochondrial genome donor(s) during the initial tetraploidization event in theC. quinoalineage. Using the new ChenoFicP_1.0 reference genome, a GWAS was performed on a previously studiedC. ficifoliumF2 population to further define region(s) implicated in the control of three key agronomic traits: days to flowering, plant height, and branch number. This analysis localized control of all three traits to a 7 Mb interval on pseudochromosome Cf4. This region contains approximately 770 genes, including theFTL1locus, thus confirming and extending our prior, single-marker analysis showing association of these three traits with anFTL1amplicon length polymorphism. The use of these data to further developC. ficifoliumas a model species for genetics and breeding of quinoa serves to expand knowledge and germplasm resources for quinoa improvement.