Predator-driven local convergence fosters global microbial community divergence

Understanding the rules that govern microbial community assembly is essential for predicting ecosystem function. While microbial predators are key biotic agents that shape bacterial communities through predation, yet their ecological consequences have been studied mostly in isolated and in vitro systems^1–3. In contrast, large-scale studies of microbial diversity have primarily emphasized abiotic factors as drivers of community assembly ^4–7, while the role of microbial predators modulating global microbial divergence and convergence patterns remains largely neglected. Here, we show that bacterivorous protists (predators) exert dual, scale-dependent effects on microbial communities: promoting local convergence by suppressing dominant bacterial taxa, while generating global divergence through species-specific predation effects. By integrating global meta-analyses, controlled field experiments, and reconstructions of natural and synthetic communities, we find that predator identity and prey susceptibility jointly determine convergence outcomes. Communities dominated by predator-resistant taxa exhibit reduced convergence under predation pressure, revealing a predictable trait-based filtering mechanism. This framework reconciles previous contradictory findings^3,8–11 and highlights predators as selective, context-dependent agents of microbial biogeography. Predator-driven convergence suggests new opportunities for microbiome engineering ¹²: targeted use of predators may steer microbial communities toward functional configurations that enhance soil health, disease suppression, carbon cycling, and ecosystem resilience ^2,13,14.