Functional Muscle Networks as Biomarkers of Post-Stroke Motor Impairment and Therapeutic Responsiveness

Standardised assessment of post-stroke motor impairment and treatment responsiveness remains a major clinical challenge. In this study, we tackle this challenge by applying a novel muscle network analysis framework to stroke survivors undergoing intensive upper-limb motor training. Our approach revealed distinct patterns of redundant and synergistic muscle interactions, collectively reflecting the diverse biomechanical roles of flexor- and extensor-driven networks. From these patterns, we derived new biomarkers that stratified patients by gross motor impairment severity and therapeutic responsiveness, each associated with unique physiological signatures. Remarkably, we identified a shift from redundancy to synergy in muscle coordination as a hallmark of effective motor recovery — a transformation supported by a more precise quantification of impairment over conventional approaches. These findings offer an in-depth characterisation of post-stroke motor recovery and establish a robust, independent tool for evaluating rehabilitation efficacy. Future research should employ this framework to identify biomarkers of activities- and participation-related functional recovery.