Herbivorous insects independently evolved salivary effectors to regulate plant immunity by destabilizing the malectin-LRR RLP NtRLP4

Plants utilize on receptor-like proteins and receptor-like kinases (RLPs/RLKs) to perceive and respond to a wide variety of invading pathogens and insect herbivores. While the strategies employed by microbial pathogens to suppress plant immunity have been well characterized, it remains unclear how herbivorous insects counteract receptor-mediated defenses. Here, we show that salivary effectors evolve independently in whiteflies and planthoppers to dampen RLP4-mediated plant immunity. RLP4, as a leucine-rich repeat RLP (LRR-RLP), confers plant resistance against herbivorous insects by forming the RLP4/SOBIR1 complexes. In the whitefly Bemisia tabaci , BtRDP, the Aleyrodidae-specific salivary sheath protein, interacts with RLP4 from multiple plant species and promotes its ubiquitin-dependent degradation. Overexpression of NtRLP4 in transgenic plants exerts a detrimental effect on B. tabaci by exploiting the crosstalk between the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) pathways. Conversely, overexpression of BtRDP or silencing of NtRLP4 effectively alleviates such negative effects. In planthopper Nilaparvata lugens , the Delphacidae-restricted salivary protein NlSP104 also targets and promotes the degradation of OsRLP4 from rice plants. These findings reveal convergent evolution of salivary proteins in insects, and underscore the complex interactions between plants and herbivorous insects.