Verbal Episodic Processing in Newborns

During the first period of life, human infants rapidly and effortlessly acquire the languages they are exposed to. Although memory is central to this process, the nature of early verbal memory systems and the factors that determine retention and forgetting remain largely unknown. Behavioural and brain measures have demonstrated memory formation in newborns. However, word traces fade in the face of acoustic overlap, leading to interference and forgetting. Here, we investigate whether speakers’ identity changes facilitate the separation into distinct acoustic episodes and the creation of non-overlapping verbal memories. Newborns (0-4 days-old) were tested in a familiarization-interference-test protocol, while neural cortical activity was recorded using functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). The results showed higher neural activation to novel words than to familiar ones during the test phase, indicating that the infants recognized the familiar words despite potentially interfering sounds. The recognition response was measured over the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and superior temporal gyrus (STG) areas known to be crucial for encoding auditory information and language processing. The neural response also included the right IFG and STG, involved in interpreting vocal social cues and speaker recognition. The results indicate that speaker identity is a key feature in the formation of verbal memories from birth, facilitating separability, possibly through early source–content binding (i.e., what–who), a precursor to fully mature episodic memory.