Variations in the latitudinal diversity gradients of the ocean microbiome

Latitudinal diversity gradients (LDGs), typically declining from equator to poles, are a pervasive macroecological pattern, yet their generality and drivers in the ocean microbiome remain widely unresolved. We integrated global-scale metagenomic data with habitat modeling to study marine microbial LDGs across seasons and depths. Surface mixed layer microbiomes exhibited diversity peaks at (sub)tropical latitudes and a poleward decline, whereas mesopelagic communities (200–1,000 m) showed no latitudinal diversity structuring. Taxonomic resolution revealed that the mixed layer LDG was underpinned by Alphaproteobacteria and Cyanobacteriia, while other taxa exhibited distinct or contrasting LDGs. Diversity structuring also varied by seasons and regions, governed by temperature and nutrient availability. Together, these findings highlight that within the ocean microbiome, LDGs are not universal, but lineage-specific ecological strategies and responses to environmental gradients. Our study provides fundamental insights into the structuring of ocean microbiome diversity and lays the foundation for predicting responses to environmental change.