Mechanistic insights into microbiome-dependent and personalized responses to dietary fibre in a randomized controlled trial

Dietary fiber supplementation can reduce cardiometabolic risk, but its effective use is limited by incomplete understanding of fibre-microbiome interactions and highly individualized responses. We tested acacia gum (AG; fermentable fibre), resistant starch type 4 (RS4; fermentable fibre), and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC; non-fermentable control fibre) in a six-week randomized trial in adults with excess body weight. Multi-omics profiling revealed distinct, structure-specific microbiota and short-chain fatty acid shifts with AG and RS4, which were not directly linked to physiological outcomes. Improvements in inflammation, gut barrier function, and satiety occurred across all arms, indicating fermentation-independent effects. AG reduced plasma ghrelin, linked to microbial carbohydrate-active enzyme genes targeting its structures. Machine-learning models predicted individualized, fiber-specific effects on blood pressure (AG) and C- reactive protein (RS4) from microbial pathways and fecal bile acids. These findings delineate fermentation-dependent and independent mechanisms of fibre action and provide a mechanistic basis for personalized fibre supplementation.