Geographic Traceable Lipid Profiles of Chinese Giant Salamander (<em>Andrias davidianus</em>) from Three Regions in China

The giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) is valued for its pharmaceutical potential, but the impact of geographic origin on its oil composition remains unclear. In this paper, the lipidomic of giant salamander oil, the analysis of refined deodorization and volatile components of giant salamander oil, and the physicochemical properties of giant sal-amander oil in China were studied. Lipidomics revealed hexosylceramides and phos-pholipids as dominant lipid classes, with HN showing a distinct lipid profile. In addi-tion, giant salamander oil was rich in unsaturated fatty acids. The HN group had the highest levels of EPA and DHA, and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids in the SX group was closer to the optimal intake ratio recommended by experts. Differential lipid analysis revealed 44, 215, and 61 significantly altered lipids in the HB vs. SX, HN vs. HB, and SX vs. HN comparison groups, respectively. KEGG pointed out that all types of salamander oil could contribute in inflammation, immune, cardiovascular function. HN has a more significant bioactive functions compared to the other two. This study reveals how geographical and environmental factors shape the lipid composition of giant salamander oil, influencing its nutritional and biomedical potential.