Incidence of Factor V Leiden and Prothrombin Gene Polymorphisms as Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease in a Libyan Population: A Case–Control Study

Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Although inherited thrombophilia polymorphisms have been implicated in thrombotic disorders, their contribution to coronary artery disease (CAD) remains controversial, particularly in understudied populations such as Libya. Methods A case–control study was conducted among 82 recruited participants. Following quality control, 61 individuals were included in the final analysis, comprising 49 CAD patients and 12 healthy controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and genotyped using the CVD StripAssay® (ViennaLab Diagnostics). Biochemical parameters including lipid profile and D-dimer levels were assessed. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 27 (significance threshold: p < 0.05). Results CAD patients exhibited significantly higher D-dimer levels (p = 0.001), whereas total cholesterol (p = 0.017) and HDL cholesterol (p = 0.008) were significantly higher among controls. The heterozygous Factor V Leiden (GA) genotype was strongly associated with CAD susceptibility (OR = 12.44, 95% CI estimated; p = 0.005). The Factor V H1299R (HR2) AG genotype showed a significant association with disease presence (p = 0.035). Although the Prothrombin G20210A variant was more frequently detected among patients, no statistically significant association was observed (p = 0.109). Conclusions Factor V Leiden and Factor V H1299R polymorphisms were identified as potential genetic determinants of CAD susceptibility in the studied Libyan population, while no significant contribution of Prothrombin G20210A was detected. These findings provide novel evidence on inherited thrombophilia-related risk factors in Libya and support the integration of genetic and biochemical markers into future CAD risk assessment strategies.