Antibiotics for UTIs Cause Distinct Alterations in Gut Microbiome and Host Health Compared to Enteritis Treatment

Background Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has gained attention as a potential treatment for various chronic inflammatory diseases, including colitis and urinary tract infections (UTIs). However, the effects of different antibiotics, especially those used for UTIs, on the gut microbiota and host are not well-studied. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats, 8 weeks old, were subjected to antibiotic cocktails for the treatment of enteritis and UTIs, receiving daily doses of 0.5g and 1g via gavage over a 2-week period. Following this treatment, samples of feces and jejunal tissue were collected for microbiota analysis, and bacterial DNA was subsequently isolated and sequenced using 16S rRNA. The microbial composition, diversity, and abundance were thoroughly assessed. Additionally, a comprehensive evaluation included histomorphological analysis, body weight measurement, food intake monitoring, as well as assessments of liver, renal function, and urinary parameters. Results Fecal and tissue samples exhibited distinct microbial profiles, with fecal samples being more diverse. Antibiotics, both for enteritis and UTIs, significantly altered microbial communities in fecal samples, reducing richness and diversity. The effects were less pronounced in tissue samples. UTI antibiotics had a more detrimental impact on intestinal histomorphology compared to enteritis antibiotics. Rats on higher UTI antibiotic doses showed lower body weight and reduced food intake. Liver, renal function, and urinary parameters were affected, indicating potential systemic consequences. Conclusions This study underscores the differential impacts of antibiotics on gut microbiota and host health, particularly emphasizing caution in UTI antibiotic use and advocating further research for mitigation.