Essential Oils Enriched Dant-Kanti-Gandush (Oil-pulling) Inhibits Inter-kingdom Biofilm Formation on Orthodontic Fixtures and Ameliorates Cariogenic Virulence Factors of Oral Pathogens

Orthodontic fixtures provide a conducive niche for microbial colonization and inter-kingdom biofilm formation, exacerbating oral hygiene challenges. Conventional mouthwashes, though effective, are associated with adverse effects and potential antimicrobial resistance. Oil pulling is an Indian traditional method of oral detoxification. This study evaluates a blend of six essential oils (referred to as DKG) from Syzygium aromaticum, Mentha piperita, Eucalyptus globulus, Zanthoxylum armatum, and Ocimum sanctum, mixed with coconut and sesame carrier oils, as a potential oil-pulling formulation. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry confirms the phytochemical composition of DKG. Antimicrobial assays demonstrate MIC₅₀ values of DKG ranging from 0.10% (v/v) to 0.45% (v/v) against Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus mutans, Proteus mirabilis and Candida albicans, respectively. DKG exposure delays the exponential phase and perturbs the growth of these pathogens. The cariogenic traits of S. mutans are impaired at ≥ 1.0× MIC₅₀ DKG, showing reduced biofilm formation, decreased acid production, and lower survival under acidic stress. DKG inhibits C. albicans biofilms at ≥ 1.0× MIC₅₀, prevents yeast-to-hyphae transition, and disrupts cell wall integrity by reducing ergosterol. SEM analysis shows reduced microbial density, fragmented hyphae, and disrupted bacterial aggregation. These findings highlight plant-based DKG, an anticariogenic alternative for maintaining oral health in individuals with orthodontic fixtures.