Re-conceptualizing Information Retrieval: A Qualitative Study of Semantic Search, Knowledge Graphs and Linked Data Technologies by Librarians at State Universities in Southwest Nigeria

This study examines how librarians in state universities across Southwest Nigeria conceptualize and engage with emerging semantic information retrieval (IR) technologies, including semantic search, knowledge graphs, and linked data. Although semantic technologies are redefining global approaches to knowledge organization, little is known about their understanding and adoption within Nigerian academic libraries. Using a qualitative research design, data were collected from 140 librarians across 12 state universities through semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis revealed four major findings: librarians increasingly perceive information retrieval as meaning-driven, dynamic, and shaped by natural-language search patterns influenced by modern web search engines; while general awareness of semantic search exists, understanding of underlying technologies remains limited; adoption of semantic technologies is minimal, with libraries constrained by outdated systems, infrastructural gaps, and inadequate funding; and although significant skill gaps persist, librarians express strong willingness to learn and adopt semantic approaches, highlighting a favourable climate for future capacity-building. The study concluded that Nigerian academic libraries are conceptually ready but structurally unprepared for full integration into the semantic web ecosystem. It recommended strategic investment in training, modernization of digital infrastructures, policy reform in LIS education, and collaborative pilot projects to drive sustainable adoption. The findings provide critical insights into bridging the technological and skill divides that hinder semantic IR implementation and offer a pathway for advancing library visibility, interoperability, and user-centred discovery in Nigerian higher education.