Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using Vitis vinifera’s tannin and its application in antibacterial activity / apoptotic capacity versus cancer cells

Biosynthesized iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) have emerged as sustainable alternatives to conventional nanomaterials, offering enhanced biocompatibility and multifunctionality. In this study, Fe-NPs were successfully synthesized using tannin-rich Vitis vinifera pomace extract, which acted as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. Comprehensive characterization using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, TEM, FESEM, and EDX confirmed the formation of predominantly spherical Fe-NPs with particle sizes ranging from 3 to 95 nm. Phytochemical constituents, particularly hydroxyl and aromatic groups, were identified as key contributors to nanoparticle nucleation and stabilization. The synthesized Fe-NPs exhibited potent antibacterial activity, demonstrating higher efficacy against Escherichia coli than Staphylococcus aureus , with antibacterial potencies of 1425.88 AU/mL and 628.32 AU/mL, respectively. Additionally, cytotoxicity assessment using the MTT assay revealed a dose-dependent antiproliferative effect on HeLa cervical cancer cells, yielding an IC₅₀ value of 49.36 ppm. These findings highlight the potential application of Vitis vinifera -derived Fe-NPs as effective antimicrobial and anticancer agents for future biomedical and environmental use.