Forensic Investigation of Crimes Involving Diseased, HIV-Infected, and Influenza-Infected Individuals: Protocols, Challenges, and Integrated Strategies

Background Crime scenes involving biological hazards from infected individuals, such as those with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or Influenza, present unique challenges that transcend standard forensic protocols. The intersection of virology, biosafety, and criminal investigation necessitates a specialized, integrated approach to protect personnel, preserve evidence, and ensure judicial integrity. Aim This review aims to synthesize virological data on HIV and Influenza with core forensic principles to develop a comprehensive framework for the safe and effective investigation of crimes where such pathogens are a factor. Methods A descriptive review methodology was employed, integrating data from virological studies and source materials detailing Influenza and HIV with established forensic science literature, biosafety guidelines (WHO, CDC), and legal-ethical analyses. Results We proposed a tiered response protocol anchored in risk assessment. Key challenges identified include the conflict between decontamination and DNA/RNA preservation, the interpretative complexity of viral load and strain data as evidence, and significant ethical-legal dilemmas regarding health privacy. HIV, as a stable bloodborne pathogen, requires stringent blood precautions, while Influenza, as a labile respiratory pathogen, necessitates aerosol control. Conclusion Investigating crimes involving infected individuals demands a multidisciplinary strategy. The study recommends the adoption of standardized operating procedures (SOPs) that balance biosafety and evidence integrity, continuous training for crime scene investigators (CSIs) in bloodborne and airborne pathogen risks, and clear legal frameworks to guide pathogen testing and information disclosure in criminal cases.