Cognitive Behaviour and Stress Response in Calves Exposed to Novel Environments

This study investigates the cognitive abilities, learning behavior, and stress responses of calves when introduced to novel environments factors that are critical to their development, adaptability and overall welfare. A deeper understanding of these behavioral traits offers valuable insights into the calves’ capacity for social interaction and acclimatization, which can ultimately enhance their management and handling. The research was conducted at the Livestock Farm Complex (LFC) of DUVASU, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh India, during the period from March to August. Fourteen neonatal calves, comprising Hariana and Sahiwal breeds, were selected post-colostrum feeding and randomly allocated into two groups (n = 7 per group). All animals were maintained under standardized farm management protocols. Behavioral assessments were performed at fortnightly intervals using novel setting and object interaction tests to evaluate apprehensive and exploratory responses. Hariana calves exhibited a significantly higher (P < 0.01) escape tendency in response to novel stimuli, indicating greater apprehension. In contrast, Sahiwal calves demonstrated a significantly higher (P < 0.01) frequency of object sniffing/licking and general exploratory behavior, suggesting a more inquisitive temperament. To evaluate physiological stress responses, blood biochemical analyses were conducted. The findings revealed that repeated exposure to unfamiliar environments led to a notable reduction in stress markers, thereby enhancing the calves’ learning and adaptive capabilities. The study concludes that systematic and repeated engagement with novel stimuli can foster improved behavioral adaptability, reduce stress-related responses and contribute positively to routine farm management. These behavioral adaptations have important implications for promoting animal welfare, optimizing handling protocols and improving the efficiency of dairy production systems.