Impact of Smart Seeder-Based Residue Retention on Wheat Yield and Economics under Rice Residue Conditions in Eastern Uttar Pradesh

Crop residue management has emerged as a major challenge in rice–wheat cropping systems due to the large quantity of paddy residue left in the field after harvest. Smart Seeder-based wheat sowing, which allows retention and incorporation of paddy residue, has been recognized as an effective and eco-friendly residue management technology. A farmer-participatory trial was conducted during the Rabi seasons of 2024–25 and 2025–26 in six villages of Gorakhpur district on 10 farmers’ fields to evaluate the effect of Smart Seeder-based wheat sowing on yield attributes and economics in comparison with the farmers’ practice of residue burning followed by broadcasting of wheat seed. The results revealed that Smart Seeder technology significantly improved wheat growth and yield attributes over farmers’ practice. Higher values of number of tillers per plant (12.7), grains per ear (67.5), and test weight (42.87 g) were recorded under Smart Seeder sowing compared to farmers’ practice (6.5, 50.33, and 33.42 g, respectively). Economic analysis also indicated higher gross returns (Rs. 1,29,596.75 ha⁻¹), net returns (Rs. 88,414.25 ha⁻¹), and benefit: cost ratio (3.12) under Smart Seeder-based sowing. The study demonstrated that Smart Seeder technology is an effective alternative to residue burning, enhancing wheat productivity, improving farm profitability, and promoting sustainable crop residue management in rice–wheat cropping systems. By reducing crop residue burning, conserving resources, and supporting climate-smart agricultural practices, the technology contributes to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 13 (Climate Action).