A Unified Python Framework for Classical and Novel Seismic Enhancement and Multi-Domain Spectral Interpretation

Seismic amplitude correction is an essential preprocessing step in reflection seismology, employed to compensate for geometrical spreading, intrinsic attenuation, and near-surface scattering losses that systematically reduce signal amplitudes with increasing travel time. Despite decades of operational use, a comprehensive Python implementation that integrates classical methods with modern frequency-domain diagnostics has remained absent from the published literature. This research addresses that gap by presenting a unified, reproducible framework in which five classical techniques Automatic Gain Control (AGC), linear gain, power-law gain, exponential gain, and time-variant gain (TVG) expressed in decibels are implemented, estimated, and compared through six complementary frequency-domain analyses: Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) amplitude spectra, two-dimensional frequency–wavenumber (F-K) decomposition, Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) spectrograms, Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) scalograms, spectral decomposition at discrete frequencies (10–60 Hz), and instantaneous attribute extraction via the Hilbert transform. Quantitative metrics, including spectral flatness, lateral balance coefficient of variation, signal-to-noise ratio, and effective bandwidth, are computed for all methods. Results demonstrate that AGC achieves the highest spectral flatness (0.312) and best lateral balance (CV = 0.04) among the methods tested, confirming its dominance for reflection character enhancement. Spectral decomposition reveals that low-frequency energy (10–20 Hz) is preserved across all methods, whereas high-frequency content (50–60 Hz) is selectively boosted by AGC and exponential gain, a finding with direct implications for thin-bed resolution and stratigraphic interpretation. The F-K analysis further confirms that no tested method introduces artificial wavenumber energy, validating their spatial coherence. This work establishes a transparent, reproducible baseline for seismic research and provides both practitioners and researchers with a diagnostic toolkit for objective method selection.