Book Review: “What were the crusades?” By J.Riley-Smith

This review critically examines J. Riley-Smith's book What Were the Crusades?, focusing on his effort to provide a comprehensive definition of crusades. Structured as a systematic exploration, Riley-Smith offers a framework that identifies essential criteria for legitimate crusades, including just cause, papal authority, the taking of a vow, and the benefits granted to crusaders, particularly indulgences. The review contrasts Riley-Smith’s pluralist perspective with traditionalist views, which limit the definition to campaigns aimed at Jerusalem, and discusses the broader implications of recognizing other crusading campaigns. It also highlights the challenges posed by popularism and generalism in crusading scholarship. Ultimately, while acknowledging the centrality of Jerusalem in crusade discourse, the review asserts that Riley-Smith's inclusive framework serves as a valuable contribution to understanding the complexities of crusade history. The book is recommended for readers seeking a well-structured analysis that balances historical evidence with theoretical insights.