Applied statistics 101 using R: Introduction to the chi-square test

The chi-square test of independence is used to determine associations between categorical variables, whereas the chi-square goodness of fit test is used to determine if groups contain an observed count that differs from an expected count. R is a free and open-source statistical programming environment that consists of a base package, as well as add-on packages that can do a multitude of tasks. Beginners are introduced to the coding and interpretation of chi-square tests using R and add-on packages such as DescTools, vcd, and gmodels.