A paradoxical relationship between mitochondrial calcium regulation and retinal ganglion cell degeneration after axon damage

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) degenerate in optic neuropathies like glaucoma and traumatic optic nerve injury leading to irreversible vision loss. Higher levels of homeostatic Ca ²⁺ and canonical Ca ²⁺ regulated signaling promote RGC survival in animal models of glaucoma and optic nerve injury. Mitochondrial dysfunction is also a hallmark of degenerating neurons, including RGCs. Here, we investigate the intersection of mitochondrial function, Ca ²⁺ homeostasis, and cellular resilience by performing an optic nerve crush model of RGC degeneration while monitoring and manipulating mitochondrial Ca ²⁺ levels (mito-Ca ²⁺ ). We find that mito-Ca ²⁺ is predicative of RGC survival in that surviving RGCs are enriched for higher homeostatic mito-Ca ²⁺ levels. Mitochondrial dysfunction was observed where mito-Ca ²⁺ was reduced in RGCs after injury, regardless of survival. We then examined the importance of higher mito-Ca ²⁺ in surviving RGCs by altering mito-Ca ²⁺ levels and Ca ²⁺ transit using pharmacological and AAV-mediated approaches. Paradoxically, treatment to decrease mito-Ca ²⁺ increased survival to ONC. We then manipulated mito-Ca ²⁺ permeability by altering the expression levels of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) pore forming subunit that allows Ca ²⁺ to enter mitochondria from the cytoplasm. Overexpressing MCU reduced RGC survival to injury, while shRNA knockdown of MCU increased RGC survival. These results reveal a complex relationship between mito-Ca ²⁺ and RGC degeneration and suggest that well-surviving RGCs may be under chronic mitochondrial stress due to higher homeostatic mito-Ca ²⁺ levels.